See -ess on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-is",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-is"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂"
],
[
"*-ih₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ih₂#Proto-Indo-European:_feminine_suffix"
],
[
"-ῐᾰ",
"-ια#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-ισσα",
"-ισσα#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-issa",
"-issa#Latin"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Old_French"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Old_French"
],
[
"-issa",
"-issa#Latin"
],
[
"-ισσα",
"-ισσα#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#Old_English"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-esse",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.\nAncient Greek -ῐᾰ (-ĭă)\nAncient Greek -ισσα (-issa)bor.\nLate Latin -issader.\nOld French -essebor.\nMiddle English -esse\nEnglish -ess\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"feminine suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"i-stem suffix\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"neuter plural suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ih₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐᾰ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ισσα\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"-issa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-esse\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-esse\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ess\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ess\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-esse"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -esse",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-esse"
},
"expansion": "Old French -esse",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-lat",
"3": "-issa"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin -issa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισσα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-en",
"pos": "feminine suffix of nouns"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en (feminine suffix of nouns)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-esse",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.\nAncient Greek -ῐᾰ (-ĭă)\nAncient Greek -ισσα (-issa)bor.\nLate Latin -issader.\nOld French -essebor.\nMiddle English -esse\nEnglish -ess",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.\nAncient Greek -ῐᾰ (-ĭă)\nAncient Greek -ισσα (-issa)bor.\nLate Latin -issader.\nOld French -essebor.\nMiddle English -esse\nEnglish -ess\nFrom Middle English -esse, borrowed from Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa, from Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa). Displaced Old English -en (feminine suffix of nouns).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-esses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+"
},
"expansion": "-ess (noun-forming suffix, plural -esses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "he-"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"parents": [],
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},
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"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "49 0 8 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
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{
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"name": "Pages using catfix",
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{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
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{
"_dis": "52 0 8 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "47 0 6 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
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{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
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{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Amharic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
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{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
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{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Breton translations",
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{
"_dis": "100 0",
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"name": "Terms with Burmese translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "88 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hindi translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norman translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Sranan Tongo translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Volapük translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "actor + -ess → actress",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "chanter + -ess → chantress",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "duke + -ess → duchess (“female ruler of a duchy”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "god + -ess → goddess",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "lion + -ess → lioness",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "prince + -ess → princess (“daughter of monarch (holding this title in her own right, who would become a queen regnant); the female equivalent of a prince”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form female equivalents."
],
"id": "en--ess-en-suffix-en:female",
"links": [
[
"female",
"female#English"
],
[
"equivalent",
"equivalent#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:female"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-a"
},
{
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"word": "-ress"
},
{
"word": "she-"
},
{
"word": "-trix"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "onjë"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-eshë"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "am",
"lang": "Amharic",
"lang_code": "am",
"roman": "-t",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ት"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ـَة"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"-i"
],
"word": "-ঈ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "-ini",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ইনী"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "-ni",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-নী"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-আ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ez"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"lang_code": "my",
"roman": "ma.",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "မ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "nǚ-",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "女-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "mǔ-",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "母-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-inde"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esse"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-tar"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-tär"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esse"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-euse"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-in (-trix f, -öse f)"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-issa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ισσα"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ĭssă",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ῐσσᾰ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "־ה"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "-it",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "־ית"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "-nī",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-नी"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-nő"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-essa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "ban-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-essa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-trīx"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "la",
"english": "borrowed from Greek",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"Late-Latin",
"feminine"
],
"translation": "borrowed from Greek",
"word": "-issa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrf",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-êsse"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-inne"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ske"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-esse"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-en"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ka"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-iță"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-easă"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"-ka",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ка"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ša",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ша"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ica",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ица"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-nica",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ница"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ísa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-и́са"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-éssa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-е́сса"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-а"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-čica",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-чица"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-inja",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-иня"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ynja",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ыня"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-íxa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-и́ха"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ʹja",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ья"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-úxa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-у́ха"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "srn",
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "uma-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-inna"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-essa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ska"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-esa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-еса"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "ji-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-es"
}
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "alderman + -ess → aldermaness (“alderman’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "duke + -ess → duchess (“duke’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mayor + -ess → mayoress (“mayor’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "priest + -ess → priestess (“priest’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "prince + -ess → princess (“prince’s wife (who would become a queen consort)”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "squire + -ess → squiress (“squire’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The wife of."
],
"id": "en--ess-en-suffix-en:wife",
"links": [
[
"wife",
"wife"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:wife"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "wife of",
"word": "-né"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "wife of",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-owa"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əs/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ess.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Old_French"
],
[
"-itia",
"-itia#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-esse"
},
"expansion": "Old French -esse",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -esse, from Latin -itia.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ess",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "duress"
},
{
"word": "fortress"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns from adjectives."
],
"id": "en--ess-en-suffix-en:abstract_noun",
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Used to form nouns from adjectives."
],
"senseid": [
"en:abstract noun"
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"-eis",
"-eis#Middle_English"
],
[
"-eis",
"-eis#Old_French"
],
[
"-ensis",
"-ensis#Latin"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese#Italian"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese#English"
]
],
"etymology_number": "3",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-eis"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -eis",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-ese"
},
"expansion": "Italian -ese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ese"
},
"expansion": "English -ese",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -eis, a borrowing from Old French -eis, a locative suffix descended from Latin -ensis. The French and Middle English suffixes created nouns describing a freeman of a fortified town, but in Modern English this is found only in proper nouns, particularly in certain surnames. Cognates include Italian -ese, and English English -ese is a doublet.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ess",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 0 8 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 0 6 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Burgess"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form proper nouns from nouns."
],
"id": "en--ess-en-suffix-2xy4z9ws",
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Used to form proper nouns from nouns."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"var": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ess",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-esse"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -esse"
],
"id": "en--ess-enm-suffix-gcp5pnUy",
"links": [
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"english": "semitone-raising suffix; sharp",
"translation": "semitone-raising suffix; sharp",
"word": "-iss"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-es",
"-es#German"
],
[
"Tironian shorthand",
"Tironian notes"
],
[
"Cis",
"Cis#German"
],
[
"Fis",
"Fis#German"
],
[
"Des",
"Des#German"
],
[
"Ges",
"Ges#German"
],
[
"-ess",
"-ess#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"-iss",
"-iss#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"-is",
"-is#German"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#German"
],
[
"ass",
"ass#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"bess",
"bess#Norwegian_Bokmål"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "de",
"3": "-es",
"t": "semitone-lowering suffix; flat"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German -es (“semitone-lowering suffix; flat”)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German -es (“semitone-lowering suffix; flat”). The German musical suffix belongs to a note-naming convention that developed from German organ tablature. An e-shaped sign appended to note letters was derived from Tironian shorthand, in which such signs represented word-final -is or -es. The convention became lexicalized in German note names, producing forms such as Cis and Fis for raised notes and Des and Ges for lowered notes. Norwegian adapted the lowering suffix as -ess.\nThe corresponding raising suffix is -iss, likewise based on German -is. Compare also the shortened lowering variant -ss, corresponding to German -s, as in ass and bess.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-essen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esser",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-essene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "definite singular",
"4": "-essen",
"5": "indefinite plural",
"6": "-esser",
"7": "definite plural",
"8": "-essene",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ess m (definite singular -essen, indefinite plural -esser, definite plural -essene)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"-ess"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "nb",
"name": "Music",
"orig": "nb:Music",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ass"
},
{
"word": "assess"
},
{
"word": "cess"
},
{
"word": "cessess"
},
{
"word": "dess"
},
{
"word": "dessess"
},
{
"word": "ess"
},
{
"word": "essess"
},
{
"word": "fess"
},
{
"word": "fessess"
},
{
"word": "gess"
},
{
"word": "gessess"
},
{
"word": "hess"
},
{
"word": "hessess"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "In gess, the suffix -ess indicates that the note G is lowered by one semitone.",
"text": "I gess viser suffikset -ess at tonen g er senket et halvt tonetrinn.",
"translation": "In gess, the suffix -ess indicates that the note G is lowered by one semitone.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If a ♭ is added to a note, it receives the ending -ess when pronounced.",
"ref": "2026 September 19 (last accessed), “Lær musikkteori med Musikk-undervisning.no”, in Musikk-undervisning.no:",
"text": "Hvis det kommer en ♭ på en tone, får den endelsen -ess, når man utaler den.",
"translation": "If a ♭ is added to a note, it receives the ending -ess when pronounced.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"flat; appended to the name of a musical note to indicate that it is lowered by one semitone"
],
"id": "en--ess-nb-suffix-6b0Y-TCL",
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"flat",
"flat"
],
[
"semitone",
"semitone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) flat; appended to the name of a musical note to indicate that it is lowered by one semitone"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-esː/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-esː]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-esː"
},
{
"homophone": "ess"
},
{
"homophone": "Ess"
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Amharic translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sranan Tongo translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Volapük translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*-is",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-is"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂"
],
[
"*-ih₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ih₂#Proto-Indo-European:_feminine_suffix"
],
[
"-ῐᾰ",
"-ια#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-ισσα",
"-ισσα#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-issa",
"-issa#Latin"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Old_French"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English"
],
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Old_French"
],
[
"-issa",
"-issa#Latin"
],
[
"-ισσα",
"-ισσα#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#Old_English"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-esse",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.\nAncient Greek -ῐᾰ (-ĭă)\nAncient Greek -ισσα (-issa)bor.\nLate Latin -issader.\nOld French -essebor.\nMiddle English -esse\nEnglish -ess\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"feminine suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-is\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"i-stem suffix\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"neuter plural suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ih₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐᾰ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ισσα\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"-issa\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-esse\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-esse\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ess\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ess\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-esse"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -esse",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-esse"
},
"expansion": "Old French -esse",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-lat",
"3": "-issa"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin -issa",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "-ισσα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-en",
"pos": "feminine suffix of nouns"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en (feminine suffix of nouns)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-esse",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.\nAncient Greek -ῐᾰ (-ĭă)\nAncient Greek -ισσα (-issa)bor.\nLate Latin -issader.\nOld French -essebor.\nMiddle English -esse\nEnglish -ess",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-is\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.\nAncient Greek -ῐᾰ (-ĭă)\nAncient Greek -ισσα (-issa)bor.\nLate Latin -issader.\nOld French -essebor.\nMiddle English -esse\nEnglish -ess\nFrom Middle English -esse, borrowed from Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa, from Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa). Displaced Old English -en (feminine suffix of nouns).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-esses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+"
},
"expansion": "-ess (noun-forming suffix, plural -esses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "he-"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "actor + -ess → actress",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "chanter + -ess → chantress",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "duke + -ess → duchess (“female ruler of a duchy”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "god + -ess → goddess",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "lion + -ess → lioness",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "prince + -ess → princess (“daughter of monarch (holding this title in her own right, who would become a queen regnant); the female equivalent of a prince”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form female equivalents."
],
"links": [
[
"female",
"female#English"
],
[
"equivalent",
"equivalent#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:female"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-a"
},
{
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"word": "-ress"
},
{
"word": "she-"
},
{
"word": "-trix"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "alderman + -ess → aldermaness (“alderman’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "duke + -ess → duchess (“duke’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mayor + -ess → mayoress (“mayor’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "priest + -ess → priestess (“priest’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "prince + -ess → princess (“prince’s wife (who would become a queen consort)”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "squire + -ess → squiress (“squire’s wife”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The wife of."
],
"links": [
[
"wife",
"wife"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:wife"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪs/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əs/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ess.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bess.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "onjë"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-eshë"
},
{
"code": "am",
"lang": "Amharic",
"lang_code": "am",
"roman": "-t",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ት"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ـَة"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"-i"
],
"word": "-ঈ"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "-ini",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ইনী"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "-ni",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-নী"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"lang_code": "bn",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-আ"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ez"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"lang_code": "my",
"roman": "ma.",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "မ"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "nǚ-",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "女-"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "mǔ-",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "母-"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-inde"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esse"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-tar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-tär"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esse"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-euse"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-e"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-in (-trix f, -öse f)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "-issa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ισσα"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ĭssă",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ῐσσᾰ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "־ה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "-it",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "־ית"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "-nī",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-नी"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-nő"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-essa"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "ban-"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-essa"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-trīx"
},
{
"code": "la",
"english": "borrowed from Greek",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"Late-Latin",
"feminine"
],
"translation": "borrowed from Greek",
"word": "-issa"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrf",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-êsse"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-inne"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ske"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-esse"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ka"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-iță"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-easă"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"-ka",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ša",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ша"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ica",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ица"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-nica",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ница"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ísa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-и́са"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-éssa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-е́сса"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-a",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-а"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-čica",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-чица"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-inja",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-иня"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ynja",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ыня"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-íxa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-и́ха"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ʹja",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ья"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-úxa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-у́ха"
},
{
"code": "srn",
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "uma-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-inna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-essa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-ska"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-esa",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "-еса"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"sense": "female suffix",
"word": "ji-"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "female suffix",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "wife of",
"word": "-né"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "wife of",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-owa"
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "duress"
},
{
"word": "fortress"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Old_French"
],
[
"-itia",
"-itia#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-esse"
},
"expansion": "Old French -esse",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -esse, from Latin -itia.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ess",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns from adjectives."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Used to form nouns from adjectives."
],
"senseid": [
"en:abstract noun"
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Burgess"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-eis",
"-eis#Middle_English"
],
[
"-eis",
"-eis#Old_French"
],
[
"-ensis",
"-ensis#Latin"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese#Italian"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese#English"
]
],
"etymology_number": "3",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-eis"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -eis",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-ese"
},
"expansion": "Italian -ese",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ese"
},
"expansion": "English -ese",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -eis, a borrowing from Old French -eis, a locative suffix descended from Latin -ensis. The French and Middle English suffixes created nouns describing a freeman of a fortified town, but in Modern English this is found only in proper nouns, particularly in certain surnames. Cognates include Italian -ese, and English English -ese is a doublet.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ess",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form proper nouns from nouns."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Used to form proper nouns from nouns."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"var": "1"
},
"expansion": "-ess",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-esse"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English variant lemmas",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -esse"
],
"links": [
[
"-esse",
"-esse#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"english": "semitone-raising suffix; sharp",
"translation": "semitone-raising suffix; sharp",
"word": "-iss"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ass"
},
{
"word": "assess"
},
{
"word": "cess"
},
{
"word": "cessess"
},
{
"word": "dess"
},
{
"word": "dessess"
},
{
"word": "ess"
},
{
"word": "essess"
},
{
"word": "fess"
},
{
"word": "fessess"
},
{
"word": "gess"
},
{
"word": "gessess"
},
{
"word": "hess"
},
{
"word": "hessess"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-es",
"-es#German"
],
[
"Tironian shorthand",
"Tironian notes"
],
[
"Cis",
"Cis#German"
],
[
"Fis",
"Fis#German"
],
[
"Des",
"Des#German"
],
[
"Ges",
"Ges#German"
],
[
"-ess",
"-ess#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"-iss",
"-iss#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"-is",
"-is#German"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#German"
],
[
"ass",
"ass#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"bess",
"bess#Norwegian_Bokmål"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "de",
"3": "-es",
"t": "semitone-lowering suffix; flat"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German -es (“semitone-lowering suffix; flat”)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German -es (“semitone-lowering suffix; flat”). The German musical suffix belongs to a note-naming convention that developed from German organ tablature. An e-shaped sign appended to note letters was derived from Tironian shorthand, in which such signs represented word-final -is or -es. The convention became lexicalized in German note names, producing forms such as Cis and Fis for raised notes and Des and Ges for lowered notes. Norwegian adapted the lowering suffix as -ess.\nThe corresponding raising suffix is -iss, likewise based on German -is. Compare also the shortened lowering variant -ss, corresponding to German -s, as in ass and bess.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-essen",
"tags": [
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esser",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-essene",
"tags": [
"definite",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "definite singular",
"4": "-essen",
"5": "indefinite plural",
"6": "-esser",
"7": "definite plural",
"8": "-essene",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ess m (definite singular -essen, indefinite plural -esser, definite plural -essene)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"-ess"
]
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"Norwegian Bokmål lemmas",
"Norwegian Bokmål masculine suffixes",
"Norwegian Bokmål suffixes",
"Norwegian Bokmål terms borrowed from German",
"Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from German",
"Norwegian Bokmål terms with homophones",
"Norwegian Bokmål terms with quotations",
"Norwegian Bokmål terms with usage examples",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Norwegian Bokmål/esː",
"Rhymes:Norwegian Bokmål/esː/1 syllable",
"nb:Music"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "In gess, the suffix -ess indicates that the note G is lowered by one semitone.",
"text": "I gess viser suffikset -ess at tonen g er senket et halvt tonetrinn.",
"translation": "In gess, the suffix -ess indicates that the note G is lowered by one semitone.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If a ♭ is added to a note, it receives the ending -ess when pronounced.",
"ref": "2026 September 19 (last accessed), “Lær musikkteori med Musikk-undervisning.no”, in Musikk-undervisning.no:",
"text": "Hvis det kommer en ♭ på en tone, får den endelsen -ess, når man utaler den.",
"translation": "If a ♭ is added to a note, it receives the ending -ess when pronounced.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"flat; appended to the name of a musical note to indicate that it is lowered by one semitone"
],
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"flat",
"flat"
],
[
"semitone",
"semitone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) flat; appended to the name of a musical note to indicate that it is lowered by one semitone"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-esː/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-esː]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-esː"
},
{
"homophone": "ess"
},
{
"homophone": "Ess"
}
],
"word": "-ess"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ess meaning in All languages combined (23.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-ess"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ess",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (f9fe161 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.